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Reports of forced sterilization of Native American women began to surface in the 1970s. Of the 100,000 to 150,000 Native American women of childbearing age, 3,400 to 70,000 of these women were involuntarily sterilized through tubal ligation or hysterectomy. They were not given a choice to refuse or accept to undergo the sterilization procedure. Many were manipulated into thinking that should they refuse to undergo sterilization, they would risk losing their welfare aid. In the 1970, the average birth rate of Native American women was 3.79 children. By 1980 the birth rate had fallen to 1.8 children. ==Types of sterilization== Most Native Americans at the time faced poverty and were heavily dependent on federal aid. The Indian Health Service (IHS) provided most healthcare to them. Their heavy dependence on the IHS for healthcare made them vulnerable as their hyperfertility subjected them to sterilization. The most popular sterilization procedure was the hysterectomy. Hysterectomies were often performed by residents without the patient's knowledge. Hysterectomy is a form of permanent sterilization in which the uterus is removed through the patient's abdomen or vagina. Tubal ligation is a sterilization procedure in which a woman's fallopian tubes are blocked. Quinacrine was also used to sterilize Native American women. Quinacrine is commonly used to treat malaria. However it can also be used for non-surgical sterilization. Capsules inserted into the uterus will spread and destroy the lining of the fallopian tubes. Non-permanent forms of sterilization were also used including Depo-Provera and Norplant. Depo-Provera was used mainly on intellectually disabled Native American women before it gained clearance from the FDA in 1992. Norplant was developed by the Population Control Council and was also promoted by the IHS. Side effects of these two types of sterilization include the cessation of the menstrual cycle and excessive bleeding. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sterilization of Native American women」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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